The use of primary source material and the implementation of DLS approach to constructing, presenting and reflecting on understanding history has already generated a number of interesting questions and conclusions. This work is still ongoing and more elements will be added as the approach is more widely used.

Regarding The Role of the Teacher
The use of DLS, particularly using primary source materials tends to fall into the guided-discovery to pure discovery range of the pedagogical continuum. Therefore issues raised by Bruner, Dewey, A.S.Neill and others are all relevant to its implementation. The key is excellent scaffolding by the teacher as well as adequate classroom resources to support the work. I have observed in classrooms filled with wonderful materials where the teacher took a more passive approach to supporting learning. Except in a few very motivated and developmentally advanced students, this tended to lead to considerable wasted time and directional meandering that resulted in disjointed or incomplete projects. The problem is compounded when the individuals are younger and are attempting to navigate the wide primary source universe. Those teachers who have carefully configured their classrooms with support materials, who are adept at noting when students need some guidance in structuring elements of a project, and who can provide just-in-time delivery of support and assistance seem to be the most efficacious in helping their students bring projects to fruition. Sometimes this can take the form of a webquest or preselecting useful materials. This might also involve setting limits of one form or another. There is no doubt that this can be a more intensive process on the part of the teacher and it definitely involves the need for more planning and flexibility, however it appears to result in very powerful learning experiences for all participants in the process.

Regarding Assessment
The use of digital learning stories as an approach for constructing and presenting understanding raises a number of questions regarding assessment. One method of assessing the work of elementary students is to develop a rubric with them at the outset of the project that clearly specifies the elements of the project that are essential and that will be assessed. With younger students it is useful to spell out the parameters of a project at the outset so that methods of assessment will be clearly established. While this approach to assessment helps to elucidate teacher expectations, it also has potential weaknesses. The current focus on rigid standards and standardized forms of assessment may not fit well with this very open and flexible pedagogical approach. Furthermore, the very nature of structuring assessment parameters and protocols may limit the creativity that students might bring to their work. I believe that the result of work using DLS argues against the use of rigid standards whose implementation is claimed to increase the quality of student work. In this case rigidly defined standards may have the opposite effect. Therefore I believe that it is critical to provide an assessment framework that is open-ended enough to support innovative project ideas, while still allowing rubrics that can accurately and supportively assess a wide range of dimensions regarding the quality of students' work, affect, understanding, and higher level thinking skills. Since an important element of constructing and telling digital learning stories is student's reflection on the process of the project as well as the qualities of the final presentation, assessing this aspect of the project will also be essential.

Finally, if you would like to work to produce your own digital learning stories please let me know and I would be glad to assist you in your work. You would be welcome to add them to our growing list of stories. Let me know how I can assist you in your work.

Further Resources

History Books:
Howard Zinn (1980). A People's History of the United States.
Howard Zinn, Adapted by Rebecca Stefoff (2007). A Young People's History of the United States, Vol 1 and 2.
James Loewen (1995). Lies My Teacher Told Me.
Ray Raphael (2004) Founding Myths.
Children's Books
Jane Yolen (1992). Encounter
Robert Shetterly (2005). Americans Who Tell the Truth.
Howard Zinn, Adapted by Rebecca Stefoff (2007). A Young People's History of the United States, Vol 1 and 2.
Ruby Bridges ((1999). Through My Eyes
Paul Fleishman (1993). Bull Run
Pedagogical Resources
Zinn Education Project - Teaching a People's History - http://zinnedproject.org/
Linda S. Levstik, Keith C. Barton (2001). Doing History: Investigating With Children in Elementary and Middle Schools.
Richard M. Wyman, Jr. (2005). America's History: Through Young Voices.
Bill Bigelow and Bob Peterson (1998). Rethinking Columbus.
WayneAu, Bob Peterson, Stan Karp (1998). Rethinking Our Classrooms: Teaching for Equity and Social Justice Vol 1.
Bill Bigelow, Brenda Harvey, Stan Karp, Larry Miller (2001). Rethinking Classrooms: Teaching for Equity and Social Justice Vol 2.
Eid Lee, Deborah Kenkart, Margo Okazawa-Rey (1998). Beyond Heroes and Holidays.